Beginning on Monday, December 6th, I will present a different cookie for the next twelve days. Today, we'll look at the history of Christmas cookies. Personally, I first began making cookies with my Mother and then continued each Christmas by making several types and giving them as gifts.
Cookies go back over 10,000 years when Neolithic farmers combined grain and water to make a paste which they then cooked on hot stones. Some cultures still make flat bread by this method today. Over time this flat cookie changed with the addition of various spices and ingredients to become the cookie we know today. It was during the Middle Ages that the cookie began to come into its own. From the exploration of Marco Polo and others who ventured forth from Western Europe came cinnamon, ginger, almonds and many other ingredients.
In 1703, the word "cookie" was first seen in print. It is thought by food researchers that Lebkuchen or gingerbread was probably the first cake/cookie related to Christmas. The name "Lebkuchen" comes either from the old German word "lebbe" (very sweet) or from the Latin word "libum" (cakes). According to the website, German Food Guide, "'The history of the Lebkuchen begins with the Honigkuchen (Honey Cake). The Egyptians, around the year 1500 BC, baked these cakes to be placed in the graves of kings. The Egyptians believed that honey was a gift for the gods. The Romans called their honey cakes "panus mellitus" (sweet bread). They not only used honey as a sweetener in the dough, but they also glazed the cakes with honey."
"The Lebkuchen that we know today was originally founded in Belgium. It was introduced into Germany through the city of Aachen, where it was then taken over by the Franconian (fränkishe) monastaries. It was the nuns that created the Lebkuchen shapes that are used today. As "Pfefferkuchen," the cookies were introduced to the city of Ulm in 1296. Later in 1395 they were discovered in the city of Nürnberg, where they were baked by the local monks. The cookies were first called "Lebkuchen" in 1409. 
By early 1500s, the making of Christmas cookies had spread across Western Europe.
Lebkuchen
1/2 cup honey
1/2 cup molasses
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 egg
1 tablespoon lemon juice
1 teaspoon lemon zest
2 3/4 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon ground cloves
1 teaspoon ground allspice
1 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1/3 cup diced candied citron
1/3 cup chopped hazelnuts
1 cup granulated sugar
1/2 cup water
1/4 cup confectioners' sugar
- In a medium saucepan, stir together the honey and molasses. Bring the mixture to a boil, remove from heat and stir in the brown sugar, egg, lemon juice and lemon zest. In a large bowl, stir together the flour, baking soda, cinnamon, cloves, allspice and nutmeg. Add the molasses mixture to the dry ingredients and mix well. Stir in the citron and hazelnuts. Cover dough and chill overnight.
- Combine the sugar and water in a small saucepan. Heat to between 234 and 240 degrees F, or until a small amount of syrup dropped into cold water forms a soft ball that flattens when removed from the water and placed on a flat surface. Remove from heat and stir in the confectioners' sugar. If icing becomes sugary while brushing cookies, re-heat slightly- adding a little water until crystals dissolve.
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Grease cookie sheets.
- Using a small amount of dough at a time, roll out on a lightly floured surface to ¼ -inch thickness. Cut into small rectangles and place them 1 inch apart onto the prepared cookie sheet.
- Bake for 10 to 12 minutes in the preheated oven, until no imprint remains when touched lightly. Brush the icing over the cookies while they are still hot and quickly remove them to wire cooling racks. Store in airtight container with a cup of orange or apple for a few days to mellow.
Yields: 5 dozen